What I would say to my 22-year-old self

I worked hard. I was focused, determined, and disciplined. But I did not necessarily allow myself the space and time for creativity and self-expression. I would encourage my 22-year-old self to take a moment to nurture my friendships--in person. Call them, make a plan, do something together--share experience. Laugh out loud every day. -Naomi Simson

Articles of Interest - April 3

 ***SOCIAL MEDIA

Raising The Snapchat And Instagram Generation  Fast Company

Snapchat is becoming a search engine more like Facebook  Quartz

Twitter tweaks replies, giving users more characters  PR Daily

Inside Snapchat’s Identity Crisis  Vanity Fair

Twitter is ditching the egg avatar  USA Today

***TECHNOLOGY

Elon Musk’s Billion-Dollar Crusade to Stop the A.I. Apocalypse  Vanity Fair 

Deep neural networks can now transfer the style of one photo onto another  The Verge

Cyborgs at work: employees getting implanted with microchips  Associated Press

***BIG DATA & STATISTICS

How to avoid common mistakes when thinking about statistics, probability and risk  The Conversation

What the Dark Web is.. and what it isn’t  Smart Data Collective

An overview of leading Python Deep Learning frameworks including: Theano, Lasagne, Blocks, TensorFlow, Keras, MXNet, PyTorch   Indico

NPR: “Left unchecked” machine learning “could create all sorts of unintended bias”  NPR

Employers are struggling to hire workers who understand Data Science according to new report  Inside Higher Ed

Hackathon this weekend to “use #DataScience skills to make a positive impact in the world”  GeekWire

A day in the life of a AI company data scientist: “A lot of my time is spent thinking about stuff”  econsultancy

***ART & DESIGN

How To Use White Space In Web Design  Medium

Google’s New Font Honors Ancient Type Traditions  Wired

***THE BUSINESS OF MEDIA

A reporter in a rural district of India uses WhatsApp to broadcast local news — and makes money doing it  Harvard’s Nieman Lab

***JOURNALISM

I taught my 5th-graders how to spot fake news. Now they won’t stop fact-checking me  Vox

Fox News and Al Jazeera were the top Facebook publishers in February  Fast Company

How Facebook and other platform companies promote bad journalism — and what to do about it  Poynter

Mexican newspaper shuts down because of violence against journalists  The Week

***FAKE NEWS

The Independent launches 5-person team dedicated to debunking fake news  Digiday

How Russian Twitter Bots Pumped Out Fake News During The 2016 Election  NPR

This Is Not Fake News (but Don’t Go by the Headline)  New York Times

Can trust in the news be repaired? Facebook, Craig Newmark, Mozilla and others are spending $14 million to try  Poynter

***PERSONAL GROWTH

What Growth Requires  Becoming (my site)

***GRAMMAR           

Don’t work overtime: The final word on the Oxford comma  Columbia Journalism Review

***LANGUAGE

Merriam Webster editor on her new book — and why dictionaries matter  Entertainment Weekly

AAUP report says adjunct professor was likely fired insisting rigor courses  Inside Higher Ed

Trump’s Speeches Are Helping People Learn English. Really  Wired

***LITERATURE

Aiming big Data at Literature  NPR

The Empathy Effect: Two researchers' say the impact of reading literary fiction is missing from American political life  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Flannery O’Connor’s Moments of Grace  Daily Jstor

***GENDER  

Equal Pay for Men and Women? Iceland Wants Employers to Prove It   New York Times

He Keeps Calling Us ‘Females’  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Vice President Pence’s “never dine alone with a woman” rule isn’t honorable. It’s probably illegal  Vox

Newsrooms should follow two simple rules for reporting on women’s bodies  Columbia Journalism Review

The narrowing, but persistent, gender gap in pay  Pew Research Center

***DIVERSITY

Wall Street Journal staffers signed a letter criticizing the control white men have over the newsroom  Business Insider

Faculty ‘Diversity Statements’ Are Being Called Threats to Academic Freedom  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***FREE SPEECH

Judge to Trump: No protection for speech inciting violence  The Washington Post

A student says school officials stopped him from handing out copies of the Constitution. Now he’s suing  Washington Post

***LEGAL ISSUES

Supreme Court Strikes Down Texas Disability Standards In Death Row Cases  NPR

Appeals court sides with U of New Mexico in case of student who said she was booted from a class for critiquing lesbianism (judges say professors have right to make decisions about what kind of speech is appropriate for academic setting)  Inside Higher Ed

***RELIGION

Which Hipster Megachurch Is Right for You?  New York Magazine

Beyond The Mike Pence Misogyny Debate, The 3 'Billy Graham Rules' You Haven't Read  NPR

Still no sign of leader for White House faith partnership office  Religion News Service

***HEALTH

Half of Americans are responsible for only 3 percent of health care costs:  The top 1 percent in health care drive more spending than the bottom 75 percent Washington Post

***PSYCHOLOGY           

Survey of campus counseling centers finds increased demand for services, as well as additional positions and more diversity in hiring  Inside Higher Ed

A brief overview of neuroscience from a statistician working in the field LinkedIn

WHO: Depression Is Now Leading Cause of Ill Health Worldwide  Science of Us

Why Millennials Are Struggling With Mental Health At Work  Forbes

The Backfire Effect  Daily Jstor

***PHILOSOPHY

Søren Kierkegaard: A Free Online Course  Open Culture

***RESEARCH

It's not just you: science papers are getting harder to read  Nature News  

Academics shouldn't focus only on prestigious journals (essay)  Inside Higher Ed

As a Reviewer, Each Review is Yours, and Sometimes It Should Be Everyone’s  Science Editor

The Economist explains: The problem with scientific publishing  The Economist

***HIGHER ED

Here’s a Map of ‘Free College’ Programs Nationwide  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Rollins College Controversy Described as 'Fake News  Snopes

At U-Va., a ‘watch list’ flags VIP applicants for special handling  Washington Post

How to Reduce the Cost of College Textbooks  The Scholarly Kitchen

Christian professors circulate letter pledging support marginalized and vulnerable  Inside Higher Ed

How taxpayers pay for religious education  Indianapolis Star

  ***TEACHING

A learning strategy has shown clear results (excerpt from “Learn Better”)  Wired

***ONLINE CLASSES

680 MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) Getting Started in April  Open Culture

***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT

Eyewitness to a Title IX Witch Trial  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Frustrated Texas senators call for transparency from Baylor after rape scandal  Texas Tribune

Victim in Vanderbilt Rape Case Is Shocked That a Suspect Is Speaking on Campuses  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Study: Young people still don't completely understand what constitutes sexual assault  USA Today

***ACADEMIC LIFE

Report says adjunct professor was likely fired insisting rigor courses  Inside Higher Ed

University Seeks to Revoke Tenure of 5 Professors  Detroit News

Developing policies to Support academic freedom in the digital era  Chronicle of Higher Ed

She called Trump’s election an ‘act of terrorism.’ Now she’s faculty member of the year  Washington Post  

***STUDENT LIFE

Christian Student in Florida Is Suspended After Dispute With Muslim Professor  Orlando Sentinel

College kids are taking the 'dating' out of 'dating apps'  Mashable

White millennials are the most apathetic about the American Dream, a new study shows  Quartz

Chick-fil-A is cooler than Vice among teens, according to a new Google report titled ‘It’s Lit’  Recode

U.S. District Court affirms First Amendment right to complain in rejecting motion to dismiss former student's complaint  Student Press Law Center

 

What Growth Requires

Growth requires hard work. The world is a complex place. We all become creatures of habit in the ways we think and act. To learn is to strip away those deeply ingrained habits of the mind. To do so requires that we push ourselves, that we keep building and rebuilding, questioning, struggling, and seeking.

Ken Bain, What the Best College Students Do

Style is not Ability

People and institutions tend to value other people and institutions like themselves. The result is that we tend to see as higher in ability those who are like us. As a result, many children as well as adults are never appreciated for what they are, but rather for how they fit into the stylistic pattern of the evaluator.

There are those who look for and appreciate only others like themselves, and there are those who look for quality, whether or not it is the same kind of quality they have to offer. We will better utilize other people’s talents, and better help them develop, if we recognize people for their own stylistic strengths, rather than for what we might ideally like them to be.

Robert Sternberg, Thinking Styles

articles of interest - March 27

***TECHNOLOGY

Elon Musk’s next company wants to put tiny electrodes in our brains so we can survive the age of AI   Quartz

Scientists Hack a Human Cell and Reprogram It Like a Computer  Wired

Mapping platforms like Google Earth have the legacies of colonialism programmed into them  Real Life

***BIG DATA & STATISTICS

A 'Black box' technique may lead to more powerful AI: it could make neural network’s faster/leaner  Engadget

Some tips and tricks for solid deep learning neural networks  KD Nuggets

The 8,700 docs made public by WikiLeaks in early March offer a wealth of info on the CIA’s cyber-subcontractors  Intelligence Online

Using Big Data to analyze images and video better than the human brain  Phys.org

The skills set needed when switching careers from Java to Big Data  Hadoop 360

 ***SOCIAL MEDIA

Instagram Has Two-Factor Authentication Now, So Turn It On  Wired

A tool that can archive a Twitter hashtag even if you've forgotten to set one up  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Facebook Messenger Finally Makes Group Chat Not a Total Hassle  Wired

***PERSONAL GROWTH

One Creative Thing Every Day  Becoming (my site)

***GRAMMAR           

The $10 Million Lawsuit That Hinges On An Oxford Comma  NPR

***WRITING& READING

Good Samaritan was honored for breaking up a street fight that went viral ("My mom would make us read books and write a short story or a poem")  WPVI-TV  

***LANGUAGE

Teaching Language With Culture In California  NPR

San Diego’s Bilingual Paradox  Voice of San Diego

Describing language objectively need not meaning doing so dispassionately: A lexicographer is a chronicler, not a guardian  Economist

The most useful language for English speakers to learn, according to an economist  Quartz

***LITERATURE

If you break literature down by the numbers  Minnesota Public Radio

How to Tell a Good Story, as Explained by George Saunders, Ira Glass, Ken Burns, Scott Simon, Catherine Burns & Others  Open Culture

***GENDER  

Gender Pay Gap Persists Across Faculty Ranks  Chronicle of Higher Ed

A Short Video Introduction to Alice Guy-Blaché (1873–1968), the First Female Film Director & Studio Mogul  Open Culture

Men and the Manufacturing Decline  The Atlantic

Gender bias distorts peer review across fields  Nature News

The Increasing Significance of the Decline of Men  The New York Times

Female brokers punished more harshly for misconduct than males  Financial Times

***RACIAL ISSUES

Out Of Bounds: New Research On Race And Paying College Athletes  NPR

***FREE SPEECH

Academic Ethics: Defending Faculty Speech  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Free Speech Is Not an Academic Value premium By Stanley FishYou don’t have the right to say whatever you want on a college campus (Opinion)  Chronicle of Higher Ed

How the First Amendment Applies to Trump’s Presidency  New Yorker

In a Polarized Climate, Free-Speech Warriors Seize the Spotlight (sub. req.’d)  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***LEGAL ISSUES

How U.S. Law Inspired the Nazis  Chronicle of Higher Ed

We’re suing the federal government to be free to do our research  The Conversation

Defamation in a Forwarded Email  Technology & Marketing Blog

When Your Scholarship Goes to Court  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***ART & DESIGN

Art as a Weapon: The inventor of auto-destructive art was 90  Economist

***MUSIC

Hear Nirvana’s “Smells Like Teen Spirit” Shifted from Minor to Major Key, and Radiohead’s “Creep” Moved from Major to Minor  Open Culture

Sensational music from Syria: How the civil war is helping to spread Syrian music across the globe  Economist

***THE BUSINESS OF MEDIA

Mobile-focused Quartz manages to turn a profit on digital journalism  Crains
 

***JOURNALISM

I studied how journalists used Twitter for two years. Here’s what I learned  Poynter

FAA clarifies rules for drone use in education and journalism  Student Press Law Center

AP style change: Singular they is acceptable ‘in limited cases’  Poynter

University fires reporter over “bathroom bill” stories after local lawmaker complaints  Times Free Press

The ‘Live Blog’ quickly becoming the default way for newspaper websites to handle breaking news  Talking New Media

***FAKE NEWS

Fake news successfully mitigated in social media study  The Stack

Why Fact Checking Matters & How to Do It  Video Strategist

***STUDENT LIFE

Three Millennial Tech Myths Busted  Techpinions

Study: 60 percent of rural millennials lack access to a political life  The Conversation

***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT

UC Berkeley’s Star Philosophy Professor accused of sexually harassment, assault, and retaliation in Lawsuit  BuzzFeed

Jury hands out one of the most serious criminal conviction of a college leader in American history  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***SCIENCE

The Famous Schrodinger’s Cat Thought Experiment Gets Brought to Life in an Off-Kilter Animation  Open Culture

***HEALTH

The findings of medical research are disseminated too slowly: That is about to change  Economist

Cancer Is Partly Caused By Random Mutations, Study Finds : Shots - Health News  NPR

Medical research: The shackles of scientific journals  Economist

Patients Lose Sight After Stem Cells Are Injected Into Their Eyes  New York Times

Understanding The Role Of Compounding Pharmacies After Dozens Of Deaths  NPR

Social Media Influencers Finally Come to … Medicine  Wired

***PSYCHOLOGY            

The psychology behind and economics of hits in pop culture: Publicity over Talent  Economist

***PHILOSOPHY

The Philosophy Of 2017's 'Ghost In The Shell' Explained  Movie Pilot

Introduction to Philosophy: A Free Online Course  Open Culture

This college student teaches philosophy to homeless women to help them ponder life’s great questions  Washington Post

Albert Camus Explains Why Happiness Is Like Committing a Crime—”You Should Never Admit to it” (1959)  Open Culture

Ayn Rand’s “objectivist” philosophy is now required reading for British teens  Quartz

***RELIGION

Princeton Theological Seminary reverses decision to honor Redeemer’s Tim Keller   Religious News Service

This West Virginia school district has weekly Bible classes. A kindergartner is suing  Washington Post

A Christian Conservative Professor Accuses Colleges of Indoctrinating Students (sub. req.’ed) Chronicle of Higher Ed

Katy Perry Nearer to Closing $15M Deal to buy Convent in LA  Courthouse News

Focus on the Family turns 40  Colorado Gazette

Are You Descended From (Alleged) Witches?  NPR

'In God We Trust' license plate bill constitutionally suspect, attorney general says  The Tennessean

How did celibacy become mandatory for priests?  The Conversation

***RELIGION & POLITICS

Trump returning to Liberty University as commencement speaker  Baptist News

Majority of states have all-Christian congressional delegations  Pew Research Center

Mike Pence, finding God, and the shifting agenda of Christian music festivals  The Guardian  

***HIGHER ED

College Classes In Maximum Security: 'It Gives You Meaning'  NPR

Georgetown University plans a religious ceremony as an apology for its historical ties to slavery  Washington Post

Federal court finds Christian college lacked the right to tell pregnant instructor to either marry the father of child she was carrying, stop living with him or lose her job  Inside Higher Ed

Liberty University Students Divided Over President Trump as Commencement Speaker  TIME

Hookup Culture Varies at 3 Types of Catholic Colleges: A professor of theology delves into how the cultural pressure to engage in casual sex affects students at different religious institutions  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***TEACHING

Do Their Stereotypes Affect Your Teaching?  Chronicle of Higher Ed

You Probably Believe Some Learning Myths: Take Our Quiz To Find Out  NPR

Why I Teach Online  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***RESEARCH

Dozens of Predatory journals offered a sham scientist a place on their editorial board  Nature

Academic Journals Plagued by Bogus Impact Factors  SpringerLink

Gates Foundation announces open-access publishing venture  Nature News

Why are citations important in research writing?  Medium

 

 

One Creative Thing Every Day

A study found participants who engaged in creative pursuits one day significantly boosted their mood for the following day. Overall, they reported feeling more energetic, enthusiastic, and excited.

These findings might not seem too surprising, but here’s the kicker: it didn’t take much creative activity for participants to reap the benefits. Just one, small creative activity a day helped. And you don’t have to be a skilled artist either. Something as simple as mindless doodling, making a joke, or even daydreaming will do.

Patrick Allan writing for LifeHacker

Fixed Intelligence

We’ve long assumed that positive feedback always has desirable results. But some recent research has painted a more complex picture. Melissa Kamins discovered that children who receive primarily person-praise (“how smart you are”) rather than good words about their efforts will usually develop fixed views of intelligence. When children are young and family members consistently tell them how brilliant they are (or how dumb), they get the message: life depends on your level of intelligence, not on how you work at something. You’ve got it or you don’t. Nothing can change that reality, they think. In short, fixed views of intelligence or growth mindsets stem from conditioning, not from some inborn character trait. They too can change.

Ken Bain, What The Best College Students Do

Social Media is no Panacea for Loneliness

A new study finds that spending more time on social media platforms is actually linked to a higher likelihood of feeling socially isolated. Although it's possible that increased social media use could help alleviate feelings of social isolation, increased social media use could also have the opposite effect in young adults, by limiting in-person interactions, the researchers wrote in the study.  In addition, social media can give people the impression that others are leading happier lives, because people sometimes portray themselves unrealistically online, the researchers wrote.

"It's possible that young adults who initially felt socially isolated turned to social media. Or, it could be that their increased use of social media somehow led to feeling isolated from the real world. It could also be a combination of both," said senior study author Dr. Elizabeth Miller. "But even if the social isolation came first, it did not seem to be alleviated by spending time online, even in purportedly social situations.”

Sara G. Miller, Live Science

articles of interest - March 20

***SOCIAL MEDIA

Social Media is no Panacea for Loneliness  LiveScience

Facebook Is Trying Too Hard  Techpinions

***TECHNOLOGY

Head in the cloud: Microsoft Transforms its Culture  The Economist

Facebook's secret team is working on hardware that can scan your brain and read your mind  Tech Republic

Google Maps will soon be able to find your parked car  Mashable

***BIG DATA & STATISTICS

The skills set needed when switching careers from Java to Big Data  Hadoop 360

The Fed Gov’s effort to more quickly buy commercial geospatial intelligence and cut redundant purchasing called CIBORG  FedScoop

Hadoop: “It’s free like a puppy, not free like a beer”  Datanami

A basic overview of machine learning for the novice  The Monkey Learn Blog

The Hadoop dream has all but failed in a smoking heap of cost and complexity  Datanami

***GRAMMAR           

A court’s decision in a Maine labor dispute hinged on the absence of an Oxford comma  Quartz

***WRITING& READING

Literature by Degree: Teaching Creative Writing  New York Times

***LANGUAGE

It Begins: Bots Are Learning to Chat in Their Own Language  Wired

When Language Can Cure What Ails You  Daily Jstor

***GENDER  

Women's International Film Festival at Liberty Station March 24-26  SD News

'BBC dad' parody imagines how a mom would handle the situation  Mashable

Only 4.2% of Fortune 500 companies are run by women  Quartz

Despite gains, women remain underrepresented among U.S. political and business leaders  Pew Research

***RACIAL ISSUES

New Interactive Map Visualizes the Chilling History of Lynching in the U.S. (1835-1964)  Open Culture

***FREE SPEECH

Talking Past Each Other on Free Speech (sub. req.’ed)  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Researchers: The more economically exclusive the institution, the more likely the students have attempted to hinder free speech  Brookings

***LEGAL ISSUES

Google thaws (a little) on defamation cases  Search Engine Land  

Supreme Court of Georgia Issues iHeart Radio Ruling  Coosa Valley News

California Today: A Journalism Scandal Roils the Central Coast  New York Times

***MUSIC

Why The Music Industry Is Finally Taking Podcasts Seriously  Forbes

A Crash Course in Contemporary Christian Music  OC Weekly

U2 On 'The Joshua Tree,' A Lasting Ode To A Divided America  NPR

***JOURNALISM

Researchers Examine Breitbart's Influence On Election Information  NPR

UT-owned Del Mar Times has a typo-filled job post  San Diego Reader

Drones in Visual Journalism  New York Times

WATCH: Journalism used to fight for the working man, now it’s a bastion of “trust fund kids”  Salon

Ten insights, three actions toward community-driven storymaking  AIR

Why Journalism, Education Could Benefit From a Mixed-Methods Approach  Media Shift

***FAKE NEWS

Why Piling On Facts May Not Help In The Battle Against Fake News  NPR

Watch Celebs Try (and Fail) to Tell Fake News From Real News  Wired

Facebook continues to be under fire for peddling fake news, but the platform will never take real responsibility  TechCrunch

Video: Top 5 ways to get trustworthy news  Tech Republic

***ADVERTISING

Brands Are Digging Into GIF Data to Understand Consumer Behavior  Ad Week

Guardian Pulls Ads from Google After They Were Placed Next to Extremist  The Guardian

The fine line between sponsored content and advertising  Talking New Media

***STUDENT MEDIA

The role of a college newspaper on campus  The Vantage (student newspaper at Newman University is a private Catholic college)

Administration refuses to provide public documents  The Nichollsworth (student newspaper for Nicholls State University)

Which College Degrees Produce the Most (and Least) Financially Responsible Students?  Priceonomics

Private California university requests takedown of student news article  Student Press Law Center

***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT

U of California strengthens faculty policies against sexual harassment and assault  Inside Higher Ed

Suit Alleges Ohio U sat on Complaints of Professor’s Sexual Misconduct for a Decade  Inside Higher Ed

***HEALTH

An Alarming Number of Kids Are Getting Their Hands on Opioids  Gizmodo

***PSYCHOLOGY           

Apocalypse Oak Park: Dorothy Martin, the Chicagoan Who Predicted the End of the World and Inspired the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance  Chicago Mag

***SOCIOLOGY

What if Sociologists Had as Much Influence as Economists?  New York Times

***PHILOSOPHY

An Animated Introduction to Arthur Schopenhauer  Open Culture

***PERSONAL GROWTH

 Feel like you’re not the person you used to be? You’re probably right  Becoming (my site)

***RELIGION

Fast-Growing, Entrepreneurial Christianity Is About A Lot More Than Church Attendance  Fast Company

Conservatives Question choice of churches by Trump’s Supreme Court Nominee  CNN

The Rise Of Secularism And The Alt-Right  NPR

MormonLeaks website squares off with Mormon Church, posts leaked ‘Enemies List’   Washington Post

Twila Paris Defends Brother Indicted for Bribery at Christian College  Christianity Today

***HIGHER ED

Sharp growth of California's free community college programs  Inside Higher Ed

Trump Seeks Deep Cuts in Education and Science  Inside Higher Ed

Investigation found that staff members improperly handled financial aid funds and changed student grades  Inside Higher Ed

This little circle in SoCal became the intellectual hub of Trumpism  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***TEACHING

Communication professor establishes ground rules for political conversations with his students in class  Inside Higher Ed

Can a Failing Grade Motivate a Student?  Chronicle of Higher Ed

***STUDENT LIFE

How Millennials Lose And Win Under The GOP Health Bill  NPR

Out Of Bounds: Competitive Video Gaming And Scholarships  NPR

A wider partisan and ideological gap between younger, older generations  Pew Research

The disturbing trend of homeless community college students  Washington Post

***ACADEMIC LIFE

Don’t allow yourself to be treated as a checked box on someone else’s to-do list  Chronicle of Higher Ed

Impact of Social Sciences – Google Scholar is a serious alternative to Web of Science  London School of Economics and Political Science

How can we tackle the thorny problem of fraudulent research?  The Guardian

Predatory publishers and events  The Research Whisperer

Honest mistakes by young scientists shouldn't doom their careers  Stat News

Bad incentives push universities to protect rogue scientists  Slate

 

I'm not who I used to Be

Feel like you’re not the person you used to be? You’re probably right. The longest-running personality study ever conducted reveals that people change so dramatically as the years go by that they often bear little resemblance to their younger selves.

In 1950, researchers asked teachers to assess specific personality traits of 1,208 14-year-old students, including their self-confidence, originality, perseverance, conscientiousness, stability of moods, and desire to excel. In 2012, 174 of the original students agreed to participate in a second evaluation. Now in their 70s, they completed cognitive tests and answered detailed questionnaires, rating themselves on the same characteristics. They also had a close friend or relative evaluate their personality.

After comparing the results, the researchers found no correlation between the participants’ current personality and who they were as teenagers, HuffingtonPost.com reports. “Personality changes only gradually throughout life, but by older age it may be quite different from personality in childhood,” the authors say, noting that genetic and environmental factors likely influence how personalities evolve over time.

The Week Magazine