ideas that challenge / comfort / inspire
Tiny tweaks in word choice make a difference
/In 1973, America watched as then President Richard Nixon vehemently declared on national television, “I am not a crook” in regards to the Watergate scandal.
Not many people believed him.
In fact, as soon as he uttered the word “crook,” most people immediately envisioned a crook.
The major mistake Nixon made was in his framing. By saying the word “crook,” he evoked an image, experience, or knowledge associated with crook in the minds of everyone watching.
George Lakoff, a professor in cognitive science and linguistics at University of California, Berkeley, makes the point in his book Don’t Think of an Elephant! that when trying to get your point across, refrain from using the other side’s language. Doing so will activate and strengthen their frames and undermine your own views. Instead, successfully arguing a point requires you to establish your own frames and use language that evokes images and ideas that fit the worldview you want.
Think about it this way: Something that has a “95% effective rate” will sell better than something with a “5% failure rate.” It’s all in how you frame it.
Vivian Giange, writing in Fast Company
Articles of Interest - Week of August 13
/***SOCIAL MEDIA
Four-Year-Old Girl Throws Dad's Phone into the Sea because he spent too much time on it Metro
6 studies on digital news and social media you should know about Journalists Resources
Hacker swipes Snapchat's source code, publishes it on GitHub The Next Web
How people in countries around the world say LOL Digg
Emoji are replacing flags as the most important regional symbol of the digital era Quartz
Facebook news chief to media: ‘Work with Facebook or die’ BongBong
***SOCIAL MEDIA: INSTAGRAM
5 Instagram updates you should know about as a communications professional Muckrack
Instagram users are reporting the same bizarre hack Mashable
***TECHNOLOGY
When Bots Teach Themselves to Cheat: The roots of algorithmic impishness Wired
This is Where Augmented Reality Is Headed Daily Infographic
***JOURNALISM
ProPublica to Expand Local Reporting Network to Focus on State Governments ProPublica
Facebook puts $4.5 million more into news support with a membership accelerator and News Match cash Harvard’s Nieman Lab
Journalism isn’t dying: But it is changing in ominous ways Washington Post
Why We Need More Journalism Courses Taught in Prison Harvard’s Nieman Reports
***JOURNALISM & POLITICS
Poll: Nearly half of Republicans think Trump should have authority to shutter media outlets The Hill
In Germany, a news site is pairing up liberals and conservatives and actually getting them to (gasp) have a civil conversation Harvard’s Nieman Lab
More than 100 newspapers will publish editorials decrying Trump's anti-press rhetoric Boston Globe
Retraction of a retraction over report that Fla. candidate is not the college graduate she says she is Washington Post
NABJ passes resolution condemning attacks by President Donald Trump and his administration on press freedom The National Association of Black Journalists
***FAKE NEWS
Alex Jones, the First Amendment, and the Digital Public Square New Yorker
There will always be another Alex Jones Harvard’s Nieman Lab
Surgeon falsely accused of wrongdoing tries to recover his name CNN
Analysis of fake YouTube views Flowing Data
Alex Jones And Online Content Regulation (opinion) National Coalition Against Censorship
Is PolitiFact biased? This content analysis says no Poynter ***PRIVACY & SECURITY
Hackers account for 90% of login attempts at online retailers Quartz
Hacking a brand new mac remotely, right out of the box Wired
Smartphone voting is happening, but no one knows if it's safe Wired
The Internet of Things Needs Food Safety-Style Ratings for Privacy and Security Motherboard
Police bodycams can be hacked to doctor footage Wired
Google tracks your movements, like it or not Associated Press
Banks and Retailers Are Tracking How You Type, Swipe and Tap New York Times
Millions of Android devices are vulnerable right out of the box Wired
Fortnite on Android at risk of malware The Stack
Judge: App User Accused In Planning Charlottesville Rally Can't Keep Identity Hidden NPR
***BIG DATA & AI
Even anonymous coders leave fingerprints that machine learning can pick up: writing samples, even in artificial languages, contain a unique fingerprint that’s hard to hide Wired
***PERSONAL GROWTH
Self-Control can be Contagious Becoming (my blog)
Why We Are Never Truly Satisfied Medium
Why some people choose to do evil Aeon
On the benefits of a blue period Aeon
***WRITING & READING
Avoiding ‘False Titles’: How Some News Publications Try Not to Sound Like Other News Publications Chronicle of Higher Ed
Slack Copywriting: What They Say to 9.6 Million Pageviews Every Month Medium
***LANGUAGE
“Untranslatable” words tell us more about English speakers than other cultures Quzrtz
We Use Sports Terms All the Time. But Where Do They Come From? New York Times
***LITERATURE
When Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot Were Penpals Daily Jstor
V.S. Naipaul, Trinidad-born British author and Nobel Literature laureate, dies at 85 Penn Live
***GENDER
Make Your Daughter Practice Math: She’ll Thank You Later New York Times
100 Women Who Changed the World History Extra
How feminism has made me a better scientist Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science
Gender studies programs to be banned in Hungary Hungarian Free Press
Are boys better than Girls at Math Scientific American
***RACE & ETHNICITY ISSUES
White threat in a browning America (Ezra Klein) Vox
The White Nationalists Are Winning The Atlantic
The Ugly Truth of Being a Black Professor in America Chronicle of Higher Ed
***FREE SPEECH
Is there a free speech “crisis” on campus? The FIRE
Do free speech issues on campus only stifle conservatives? Education Dive
***LEGAL ISSUES
Disney Finds It's Not So Easy to Sue Over Knockoff Characters at Birthday Parties Hollywood Reporter
ABA Clarifies Rules on Lawyer Advertising (Sort Of) Law.com
***RELIGION
California Police chief helps apprehend his own son in attack on Sikh man ABC News
Why America’s ‘nones’ don’t identify with a religion Pew Research
Losing Faith: Why South Carolina is abandoning its churches The State
John Piper Changed ‘Great Is Thy Faithfulness.’ Experts Weigh In Christianity Today
Southern Baptists posted a video opposing animal cruelty — and then profusely apologized for it Washington Post
***RELIGION AND POLITICS
Church charges against Attorney General Sessions are dropped CNN
***GOOD NEWS
How You Can Use Your Frequent Flyer Miles to Help Reunite Separated Families Mental Floss
Groom (and Coast Guard officer) interrupts his own wedding to save a drowning man People
LeBron James Family Foundation's I Promise School opens in Akron Cleveland.com
How Silicon Valley Has Disrupted Philanthropy The Atlantic
Border Collie helps homeless, aimless man become rich: “Before I had Sylar, my life was a mess” ABC News
Man uses his own body to cushion dog's fall from building The Week
These Twenty-Somethings Got Heart Transplants on the Very Same Day And Then They Fell in Love Washingtonian
***ART & DESIGN
2018 Winning Photographs iPhone Photography Awards
LA's Awesome History Of Weird, Food-Shaped Restaurants LAist
Your Friendly Guide to Colors in Data Visualisation Data Wrapper
Art exhibit slammed for 'promoting communism' CNN
***MUSIC
See Ancient Greek Music Accurately Reconstructed for the First Time Open Culture
***FILM
'BlacKkKlansman' Sounds Like It's Made Up But It's A True Story NPR
No Shark Film has ever not made money Atlas
How Westerns captured the American psyche and eventually bit the dust (video) Aeon
Best science fiction movies of all time, according to critics Business Insider
***THE BUSINESS OF MEDIA
The tangled mess of marketing networks is crumbling The Next Web
The Local TV Consolidation War is here Axios
***STUDENT MEDIA
For young people, socialism is now more popular than capitalism Fast Company
***STUDENT LIFE
The newly coined Chinese buzzword that refers to awkward millennials Quzrtz
Millennials Are Making a Costly Investment Mistake Bloomberg
How Three New York Times Summer Interns Trusted Their Gut and Made the Front Page New York Times
The Parkland generation has huge plans for this fall Axios
***JOBS & INTERNSHIPS
An editor’s guide to creating an online portfolio Poynter
The Washington Post 2019 Summer Internship Program
***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT
Anything to Avoid a Scandal": How Colleges Sideline Sexual Abuse TruthOut
Congressman Accused Of Domestic Abuse By Former Girlfriend NPR
Former Ohio State Students Report Decades Of Sexual Misconduct By University Physician NPR
Journalism professor resigns months after accusations of sexual harassment and inappropriate workplace behavior Daily Northwestern
***SOCIAL ISSUES
How to delete all your tweets (or just the worst ones) Poynter
Record number of forcibly displaced people lived in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017 Pew Research
***ETHICS
Rich People More Likely to Lie, Cheat, & Steal Washington Post
Children are being euthanized in Belgium (opinion) Washington Post
***BUSINESS & FINANCE
Astroturfing: the practice of companies and interest groups disguising themselves as grassroots movements (video) John Oliver
Fortnite Mania Fuels Epic Growth to $8.5 Billion Bloomberg
Why Small Teams Win And Bigger Ones Fail UX planet
WeWork’s Meat Ban Tells Us Who They Are Bloomberg
Some tips on how to retire your debt before you quit working Detroit Free Press
How Dollar General took over rural America The Guardian
For most U.S. workers, real wages have barely budged in decades Pew Research
Employer expectations on off-hours email: new study shows adverse health effects on workers and families Virginia Tech
***HEALTH
Women More Likely to Survive Heart Attacks If Treated by Female Doctors The Atlantic
Cancer Patients who use alternative medicine have a greater risk of dying prematurely Science Daily
Experimental Alzheimer's drug stirs hope after early trials CNN
It’s easy to become obese in America: These 7 charts explain why Vox
Why Blue Light Is So Bad: The Science — And Some Solutions Health
Brain Scans Suggest Women Sustain More Damage heading soccer balls than men Boston Globe
***HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
A New Pacemaker Hack Puts Malware Directly On The Device Wired
The $250 Biohack That’s Revolutionizing Life With Diabetes Nexts Draft
***FAMILY
Aurora parents fighting to stop legally adopted 4-year-old daughter from being deported FOX31 Denver
Parents warn it's 'time to put down the Fortnite' in back-to-school parody Today
***SCIENCE
Why scientists are infiltrating music festivals The Week
A Conversation with the Only Scientist in Congress Scientific American
***PSYCHOLOGY
How Accessible is Psychology Data? Discover Magazine
Studying Unpopular Ideas in Psychology Psychology Today
***TRAVEL
The 2018 Friendliest Cities in the World CNN
The U.S. Pizza Museum Gives Chicago a Pizza Party Sans Divisiveness Chicago Eater
***RESEARCH
Why We Need Whistleblowing for Research Integrity Wiley
Can automated tools reliably rate research reproducibility? Nature Index
How to work with your institution’s press office to maximize the reach of your work Nature
An Excel error sinks a paper Hormones and Behavior Science Direct
Bruno and Bob going to a predatory conference The Ice Cream Blog
***HIGHER ED
The 50 Most Beautiful College Campuses in America CNN
British economists: Sports destroy happiness Washington Post
Misspelling On Thousands Of Diplomas Goes Unnoticed For 6 Years CBS Denver
How a university punished a whistle blower The Research Whisperer
These Are the 727 Best Colleges in America (Mount Vernon 432, Azusa 460), MidAmerica 484, PLNU 501, Cal Baptist 639) TIME
Court filing: Top Baylor officials ‘concealed reports of serial sexual assault’ KWTX
Unexplained Turnover at Benedictine U Inside Higher Ed
***TEACHING
Online Learning Is Misunderstood: Here's How Chronicle of Higher Ed
Why I'm Easy: On Giving Lots of A's Chronicle of Higher Ed
3 things to know about the students arriving on campus this month Education Dive
Getting Ready for Teaching This Fall Chronicle of Higher Ed
A professor shares some promising results from sending a personalized message to students who failed her first exam Chronicle of Higher Ed
Report Shows Drop in Students in Teacher Ed Inside Higher Ed
How to Escape Grading Jail Chronicle of Higher Ed
***ACADEMIC LIFE
She’s the world’s top empathy researcher. But colleagues say she bullied and intimidated them Science Mag
Texas backtracks after allowing a professor banned from advising graduate students to teach undergraduates this fall Inside Higher Ed
Professor accused of bullying students will stop teaching immediately The Gazette
What I would change about myself
/I always pray that I won't get angry. Because most of the time when I get angry or emotional, I don't make good decisions. People don't remember what you say; they remember how you made them feel. I think I've gotten a little better at that, but there is definitely room for improvement.
Alabama football coach Nick Sabin to ESPN
Tuesday Tools: Bot Detectors
/Want to know if a Twitter account is run by a human or a bot? The Botometer hunts Twitter bots. A high @Botometer score suggests the account is probably automated. Accounts rated above 48% are flagged as potential bots—anything over 60% rates as a “likely” bot. It's a free product from Indiana University.
An alternative comes from the University of New Mexico. Like the Botometer, DeBot is a bot detection system for Twitter accounts. The information is archived so it can be searched.
Find more tools here.
Articles of Interest - Aug 6
/***SOCIAL MEDIA
Facebook Has Identified Ongoing Political Influence Campaign MSNBC
France passes a new law banning smartphones in schools The Next Web
What Counts as a Video View on Social Media? Ad Week
***PRIVACY & SECURITY
The State Of Election Security Ahead Of Midterms NPR
Inside Russia's invasion of the U.S. electric grid Axios
***PRODUCING MEDIA
A zine about how to start a podcast Alex Laughin Blog
Annemarie Dooling on what she learned while transforming Vox’s newsletter strategy Really Good Emails
10 ways to craft compelling Snapchat and Instagram Stories PR Daily
***THE BUSINESS OF MEDIA
Yahoo Finance launching live video streaming network this year Axios
After Reportedly Losing $120 Million Last Year, Condé Nast Will Sell 3 of Its Titles Ad Week
***JOURNALISM
Trust in mainstream American newspapers has grown, even among conservatives Economist
What Journalists Can Learn from Organizers: A Guide Free Press
Should you major in journalism? Here are stories from eight working journalists who didn’t Harvard’s Nieman Lab
When Public Records Aren’t Public ProPublica
Google, working with news orgs like ProPublica, will return more datasets in search results Harvard’s Nieman Lab
***THE BUSINESS OF JOURNALISM
Newsroom employment dropped nearly a quarter in less than 10 years Pew Research Center
The investigations and reporting of BuzzFeed News — *not* BuzzFeed — are now at their own BuzzFeedNews.com Harvard’s Nieman Lab
***FAKE NEWS: QANON
It's Looking Extremely Likely That QAnon Is A Leftist Prank On Trump Supporters BuzzFeed News
What is QAnon? Explaining the bizarre rightwing conspiracy theory The Guardian
QAnon: The Conspiracy Theorist Group That Appears At Trump Rallies NPR
***FAKE NEWS
Alex Jones faces existential courtroom battle over limits of fake news My Stateman
Why We’re Sharing 3 Million Russian Troll Tweets FiveThirtyEight
Snopes fired its managing editor — and she doesn't know why Poynter
Here's how the U.K. plans to tackle fake news Poynter
The ACLU On Facebook's Fake Page Removals NPR
Why Do We Share Fake News? Illusion of More
Fighting fake news is a losing battle, but there are other ways to win the war Monday Note
What Does This Professor Know About Conspiracy Theorists That We Don’t? Chronicle of Higher Ed
***PERSONAL GROWTH
Denialism & Science Becoming (my blog)
Do you see a duck or a rabbit: just what is aspect perception? Aeon
***GRAMMAR
The commas that cost companies millions BBC
Those vexatious commas Baltimore Sun
***WRITING & READING
Listening isn't reading, but audiobooks still resonate Wired
The art of buying books and never reading them BBC
How technology shapes the way we read Wired
How my smartphone revived the purity of reading Wired
***LANGUAGE
Most European students are learning a foreign language in school while Americans lag Pew Research Center
Can Language Slow Down Time BBC
***LITERATURE
A Hemingway War Story Sees Print for the First Time The New York Times
Emotions found in classic literature help us understand the universality of the human condition State Press
***GENDER
How women’s magazines are getting political Bloomberg
Is Bannon right that white, college-educated women have given up on Republicans? Washington Post
“The Matilda Effect”: How Pioneering Women Scientists Have Been Denied Recognition and Written Out of Science History Open Culture
Using artificial intelligence to fix Wikipedia's gender problem Wired
Nationwide, male doctors get paid $100,000 more than female doctors Vox
***RACE & ETHNICITY ISSUES
Even black robots are impacted by racism Fast Company
Was It Racist for a Judge to Dismiss a Copyright Lawsuit Targeting Fox's 'Empire'? Hollywood Reporter
***FREE SPEECH
Fired FAU professor declares it’s his right to call Sandy Hook a hoax My Palm Beach Post
***LEGAL ISSUES
Legal Issues in Podcasting (particularly for broadcasters) David Oxeford Broadcast Law Blog
***TECHNOLOGY
Michigan researchers develop new computer chip using circuits that remember how much charge has gone through them - that cuts power consumption by 100x University of Michigan
Eight states sue to reverse administration settlement that would allow people to download blueprints to 3D-print AR-15 rifles at home Associated Press
***BIG DATA & AI
Methods 101: What are nonprobability surveys? (video) Pew Research Center
Major quantum computing advance made obsolete by teen who proves that ordinary computers can solve an important computing problem Quanta Magazine
***RELIGION
Donors Pay for Gay Valedictorian to attend College after he was Rejected by his Christian parents Washington Post
United Methodists debate, lobby and worry in advance of LGBT decision Religious News Service
Prosperity Gospel Taught to 4 in 10 Evangelical Churchgoers Christianity Today
What the early church thought about God’s gender The Conversation
Why Americans Go (and Don’t Go) to Religious Services Pew Research Center
Jared Kushner Used To Personally Order The Deletion Of Stories At His Newspaper BuzzFeed News
San Diego Rock Church buys former strip club in Midway District 10News
***RELIGION & SEXUAL ABUSE
He’s a Superstar Pastor: She Worked for Him and Says He Groped Her Repeatedly New York Times
Pa. supreme court OKs release of interim report naming 300 'predator priests' PennLive
Prominent NYC megachurch, Redeemer Church, quietly fired pastor David Kim for sexual abuse WatchKeep
Pastor and “Creation Festival” Founder Gets 18 Years for Sexually Abusing Kids Star Tribune
Teaching pastor resigns over Willow Creek’s handling of allegations against Bill Hybels Chicago Tribune
***GOOD NEWS
40 Employees At This California Hospital Lost Their Homes In The Carr Fire: They Showed Up To Work Anyway Buzzfeed News
This man ran the entire route of the Tour de France to raise money for mental health SB Nation
Cops save toddler from choking on chicken nugget Sun Sentinel
***ART & DESIGN
25+ Geometric Tattoos Teeming With Sacred Symbols and Meanings My Modern Met
Creative Interactive Article: See America’s New Ellis Island: A South Texas Bus Terminal New York Times
Van Gogh’s Art Now Adorns Vans Shoes Open Culture
What I learned from 200 design interviews Medium
***MUSIC
A style of music played on the guitar that pretty much no one listens to except guitar players Populla
What Makes a Hit 60 Years of #1 Songs Columbia Business School
***FILM
Study finds almost no increase in diversity in popular films over the last decade Mashable
Justice Dept. to review 70-year-old movie industry antitrust rules LA Business Journal
***JOBS
These Free Online Courses From Google to Boost Your Career Inc.
***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT
Her Mormon college upheld her sex-assault complaint — but kicked her out anyway Salt Lake Tribune
Diocese names 71 accused of child sex abuse, blames bishops Associated Press
***ACADEMIC LIFE
Chinese professor forced off live TV by police CNN
***SOCIAL ISSUES
One chart that shows how much worse income inequality is in America than Europe Vox
Americans are now spending 11 hours each day consuming media Quartz
How companies make millions charging prisoners to send an email Wired
Police kill about 3 men per day in the US, according to new study The Conversation
The Outsize Hold of the Word ‘Welfare’ on the Public Imagination New York Times
***BUSINESS & FINANCE
How to lead like Abraham Lincoln Quartz
I Read the 1936 Book That Launched Warren Buffett's Career and It's Truly Inspiring Inc
***ENVIRONMENT
U.S. Supreme Court Refuses to Halt Teenagers’ Climate Lawsuit Bloomberg
That’s Not Algae Swirling on the Beach. Those Are Green Worms (and no one knows why) New York Times
***HEALTH
Could a blood test lead to new treatments for depression Health News Review
An Appalachian odyssey: Hunting for ALS genes along a sprawling family tree Stat News
***FAMILY
The Age That Women Have Babies: How a Gap Divides America New York Times
***TRAVEL
The most relaxing vacation you can take is going nowhere at all Quartz
***SCIENCE
What Would Happen If the Earth Turned Into Blueberries? Thanks to a New Paper, Now We Know Chronicle of Higher Ed
The Value of Criticism in science Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science Andrew Gelman Blog
Beyond #FakeScience: how to overcome shallow certainty in scholarly communication London School of Economics and Political Science
Anti-Vaccine Activists Have Taken Vaccine Science Hostage New York Times
Can Science Save Politics? Or Will Politics Ruin Science? FiveThirtyEight
***PSYCHOLOGY
There Is More to Behavioral Economics Than Biases and Fallacies Behavioral Scientist
Psychology's New Normal? Data Badges Center for Open Science
Cognitive Biases and the Human Brain The Atlantic
Mental health: depression and anxiety in young mothers is up by 50% in a generation The Conversation
***NEUROSCIENCE
How the brain transforms vision into action Stat News
***PRODUCTIVITY
10 Things That Steal Our Motivation—and How to Get It Back Shine
Knowing when to quit a project Journalists.org
For maximum recharge, take a Wednesday off Quartz
The 25 Best Productivity Apps in 2018 Zapier
***RESEARCH
These Professors Don’t Work for a Predatory Publisher. It Keeps Claiming They Do Chronicle of Higher Ed
Should I be proud of my h index? Eco-Evo Evo-Eco
Little White Lies in Healthcare Publishing Scholarly Kitchen
Retraction Watch leaderboard: it now takes 38 retractions to get into the top 10 Retraction Watch
What is the value of the peer‐reviewing system? (opinion) Wiley Online Library
***HIGHER ED
Over 11 million US adults live in an education desert Flowing Data
What do top colleges have against transfer students? (opinion) Washington Post
Malcolm Gladwell: Rich Americans contribute too much money on 'meaningless education' CNBC
Ethical questions from the use of big data for student success Chronicle of Higher Ed
Baylor reform group calls on regents to resign KWTX
Christian student group sues U of Iowa, incites debate on religious freedom Inside Higher Ed
Catholic College sued for defrauding Sodexo of $1.35 million JC Online
***TEACHING
How New Classrooms Can Help Professors Think More Deeply About Teaching Chronicle of Higher Ed
New Trigger Warnings Study Confirms Potential Harm to Students National Coalition Against Censorship
How New Classrooms Can Help Professors Think More Deeply About Teaching Chronicle of Higher Ed
***STUDENT MEDIA
Poynter, Koch Foundation expand impact in year two of program for college journalists Poynter
Five tips for reporting on hiring searches for administrators Student Press Law Center
***STUDENT LIFE
'Google-it' mentality leaves school leavers unprepared for university, survey finds Telegraph
Poll: young Americans are looking for young leaders - and are pessimistic about the current state of politics Associated Press
The Gaping Divide Over Student Debt (opinion) New Republic
Denialism and Science
/Denialism, and related phenomena, are often portrayed as a “war on science”. This is an understandable but profound misunderstanding. Certainly, denialism and other forms of pseudo-scholarship do not follow mainstream scientific methodologies. Denialism does indeed represent a perversion of the scholarly method, and the science it produces rests on profoundly erroneous assumptions, but denialism does all this in the name of science and scholarship. Denialism aims to replace one kind of science with another – it does not aim to replace science itself. In fact, denialism constitutes a tribute to the prestige of science and scholarship in the modern world. Denialists are desperate for the public validation that science affords.
While denialism has sometimes been seen as part of a post-modern assault on truth, the denialist is just as invested in notions of scientific objectivity as the most unreconstructed positivist. Even those who are genuinely committed to alternatives to western rationality and science can wield denialist rhetoric that apes precisely the kind of scientism they despise. Anti-vaxxers, for example, sometimes seem to want to have their cake and eat it: to have their critique of western medicine validated by western medicine.
The rhetoric of denialism and its critics can resemble each other in a kind of war to the death over who gets to wear the mantle of science. The term “junk science” has been applied to climate change denialism, as well as in defence of it. Mainstream science can also be dogmatic and blind to its own limitations. If the accusation that global warming is an example of politicised ideology masked as science is met with indignant assertions of the absolute objectivity of “real” science, there is a risk of blinding oneself to uncomfortable questions regarding the subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which the idea of pure truth, untrammelled by human interests, is elusive. Human interests can rarely if ever be separated from the ways we observe the world.
I do not believe that, if only one could find the key to “make them understand”, denialists would think just like me. If denialists were to stop denying, we cannot assume that we would then have a shared moral foundation on which we could make progress as a species.
Keith Kahn-Harris, Denial: The Unspeakable Truth
Articles of Interest - July 30
/***SOCIAL MEDIA
Instagram Rich List 2018 Hopper HQ
Twitter wants to know why Twitter is so toxic Fast Company
Everything bad about Facebook is bad for the same reason Quartz
Tracking Facebook’s fortunes in six charts Reuters
Oliver takes on Facebook (video) John Oliver
***PRIVACY
Was it ethical for Dropbox to share customer data with scientists? Wired
TSA surveillance program tracking American citizens not suspected of any crimes CBS News
***INTERNET
Is a meme born in a private account still a meme? Wired
IoT Is Here: Internet Of Things Eclipses The Internet Of People Investors
***DIGITAL SECURITY
Former Trump official: No one 'minding the store' at White House on cyberthreats Yahoo News
We have the first documented case of Russian hacking in the 2018 election Vox
***TECHNOLOGY
Canada is using ancestry DNA websites to help it deport people Vice
All the Things Satellites Can Now See From Space Bloomberg
***TECH SECURITY
Hackers break into voting machines within 2 hours at Defcon CBS News
Russians Are Targeting Private Election Companies, Too — And States Aren’t Doing Much About It FiveThirtyEight
***BIG DATA & AI
Choosing between Python and R Programming languages for Data Science Noteworthy, The Journal Blog
Linking Spatial Analysis across Disciplines with R Directions Mag
Combining design instincts with data interpretation and analysis UxDesign***JOURNALISM
I reported alongside soldiers in foxholes: The president can’t take that away Washington Post
How spies and investigative reporters think alike International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
Teens Are Debating the News on Instagram More teenagers are getting their information from so-called flop accounts The Atlantic
More than two dozen resources journalists can use for mentoring, sourcing, invoicing and more Poynter
What is the most effective way to develop sources? A senior reporter answers iNews Source
***JOURNALISM & POLITICS
Trump Asked To Reconsider Anti-Media Talk Associated Press
***THE BUSINESS OF JOURNALISM
Guardian Media Group digital revenues outstrip print for first time The Guardian
About a third of large U.S. newspapers have suffered layoffs since 2017 Pew Research Center
McClatchy records another big revenue drop and a loss for the second quarter Poynter
***JOURNALISM OUTSIDE THE U.S.
Why Bolivia’s oldest journalist association went digital to defend press freedom Medium
BBC experiments with new virtual studio to better explain the news to young people across Africa Journalism.co
Six Journalism Startups Illustrating the Unique Pressures Driving Media Innovation in Europe Nieman Reports
***LOCAL NEWS
Local news sites rise as newspapers face cuts Axios
Who suffers when local news disappears Columbia Journalism Review
Neutral feelings about local news present opportunity to build trust NewsCo/Lab
***FAKE NEWS
How Facebook could dodge fake news land mines Axios
Trump: Black is White, “What you’re seeing and what you’re reading is not what’s happening” New York Times
How to Teach Information Literacy in an Era of Lies Chronicle of Higher Ed
When fact-checkers are the subjects of misinformation Poynter
The 'guerrilla' Wikipedia editors who combat conspiracy theories Wired
Shadow politics: meet the digital sleuth exposing fake news Wired
***PERSONAL GROWTH
Is it Relatable? When "relatability" becomes the sole interpretive lens Becoming (my blog)
Stats reveal how generous Americans are with their time CNN
How being 30-years-old has changed over the last 50 years Axios
***GRAMMAR
Grammar purity is one big Ponzi scheme LitHub
“Akron, Ohio resident” or “Akron, Ohio, resident.” Do you need a comma? Chronicle of Higher Ed
***WRITING & READING
Irony Makes Its Mark Chronicle of Higher Ed
We asked, you delivered: Your writing tips — and one reporting tip Poynter
***PLAGIARISM
Inspiration or plagiarism? Writing hackles raised in Boston Book Festival story program Boston Globe
News & Observer found 14 cases of ‘plagiarism or inadequate attribution’ iMediaEthics
***LANGUAGE
Justice Department: Use 'illegal aliens,' not 'undocumented' CNN
Chart: The Most Difficult Languages To Learn For English Speakers Statista
***LITERATURE
The Autobiography of Malcolm X sold at auction to NY Public Library CNN
Forbes deleted a deeply misinformed op-ed arguing Amazon should replace libraries Quartz
What Exactly is Jane Austen’s Sanditon? Daily Jstor
***GENDER
Women poised to overtake white men among House Democrats Axios
A new study finds that while the proper restrooms are important to transgender students, they want much more to feel comfortable on their campuses Inside Higher Ed
***RACE & ETHNICITY ISSUES
How Elite Schools Stay So White New York Times
Asian-American influencers make their mark on the US mainstream Nielsen
What’s an Anti-Semite? It Depends on Which Politician You Ask Chronicle of Higher Ed
NJ Radio Station Suspends 2 Hosts for Calling Sikh Attorney General ‘Turban Man’ iMediaEthics
Why It's Time To Retire The Disparaging Term 'White Trash' NPR
***LEGAL ISSUES
A sarcastic comment on a meme about guns leads to an arrest and then a lawsuit: An appeals court took the commenter’s side Tech & Marketing Law Blog
GoDaddy & Instagram Avoid Liability for Users’ Photos of Knockoff Goods Tech & Marketing Law Blog
***RELIGION
Shoppers with Strong Religious Beliefs Spend Less and Make Fewer Impulse Purchases Harvard Business Review
Black Millennials are more religious than other Millennials Pew Research Center
Artificial Intelligence Shows Why Atheism Is Unpopular The Atlantic
An online church for gamers: Va. pastor draws thousands to worship on Twitch Washington Post
Pope Francis accepted the resignation a top church official in the US Roman Catholic Church, amid a widening sexual abuse scandal Associated Press
Black, white churches merge in Florence, South Carolina SC News
Trump's religious freedom squad promises to deliver Politico
***GOOD NEWS
Mr. Rogers was my actual neighbor. He was everything he was on TV and more Vox
Bus Driver Stops Route So He Can Help Blind Passenger Maneuver Road Work Fox 6
Hiker Fights Snow, Rain and Rough Terrain to Carry Injured Lost Dog Down Mountain to Safety MSNBC
Homeless man lands a job thanks to a police officer's good deed MSNBC
***ART & DESIGN
See the Best iPhone Photos of 2018 Fortune
Designing with Data Interpreting and Analyzing Data as a Designer Undesign
Is the US leaning red or blue? Different election maps suggest different stories Wired
***MUSIC
What a music conductor actually does on stage (video) Vox
What is ASMR? Open Culture
***FILM
American vs. European views of sex and violence Quartz ***STUDENT LIFE
Millennials talk millennials: why we're unique Nielsen
Georgia Southern releases statement regarding student's use of racial slur gone viral The George-Anne
Campus newsrooms rethink their approach to race Christian Science Monitor
***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT
In Kentucky, A 'Culture Of Indifference' To Sexual Harassment In Prisons NPR
How a Rant Against Short Shorts Overturned the ‘Good Ol’ Turtle Boy Club’ Chronicle of Higher Ed
Sexual Harassment (video) John Oliver
***SOCIAL ISSUES
The enormous number of unsolved murders in America Washington Post
Interactive map of the 2016 election Political Bubbles New York Times
***BUSINESS & FINANCE
Your Business’s Financial Statements 101 Daily Infographic
Why Europeans Have Such Long Summer Vacations Daily Jstor
Unproductive Meetings Cost U.S. Companies $9 Billion Annually Daily Infographic
***ENVIRONMENT
Here's How Bad The Heat Has Been Around The World Digg
Why California Goes its own way on the Environment Bloomberg
***HEALTH
U.S. Smoking Rate Hits New Low at 16% Gallup
Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains NPR
Hospitals know how to protect mothers: They just aren’t doing it USA Today
Fool’s gold: what fish oil is doing to our health and the planet The Guardian
Vox is clear about drawbacks of new endometriosis drug Health News Review
***HEALTH: EATING & DRINKING
What 1,500 Calories Looks Like at 25 Fast Food Chains Daily Infographic
Yelp adds health inspection scores for restaurants, and restaurateurs are not happy Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2018/07/24/yelp-adds-health-inspection-scores-for-restaurants-and-restaurateurs-are-not-happy/
***HEALTH & TECHNOLOGY
IBM Watson Reportedly Recommended Cancer Treatments That Were 'Unsafe and Incorrect' Gizmodo
How Does HIPAA Apply to Wearable Health Technology? Health IT Security
***HEALTH RESEARCH
New Alzheimer's Drug Slows Memory Loss in Early Trial Results CNN
Can gene therapy halt diseases in babies before they’re even born? Stat News
***FAMILY
Judge Orders Government to find “missing parents” MCNBC
People Shared The Biggest Mistakes They Made During The First Year Of Parenthood BuzzFeed News
463 Migrant Parents May Have Been Deported Without Their Kids New York Magazine
Why parents shouldn't force food on picky children, according to a new study Newsweek
***PSYCHOLOGY
A Person Can Instantly Blossom into a Savant--and No One Knows Why Scientific American
Why Being Nice at Work Can Backfire Badly, According to Psychology Inc Magazine
U.S. psychology group set to modify rules on interactions with military detainees Science Mag
11 Psychology Experiments That Went Horribly Wrong Reader’s Digest
Your dog and cat wish they could tell you this Washington Post
***NEUROSCIENCE
Why are there so many suckers? A neuropsychologist explains The Conversation
Strange Stories of Extraordinary Brains—and What We Can Learn From Them (paywall) Wall Street Journal
***PHILOSOPHY
What Is Stoicism? A Short Introduction to the Ancient Philosophy That Can Help You Cope with Our Modern Times Open Culture
Why cosmology without philosophy is like a ship without a hull Aeon
***HISTORY
He found 15 books in a dumpster: Then he found out they belonged to Thomas Jefferson Sacramento Bee
The Scopes 'Monkey' Trial Pitted Science Against Religion: Watch Rare Footage history.com
***ETHICS
Public Views of Gene Editing for Babies Depend on How It Would Be Used Pew Research Center
***RESEARCH
Two Researchers Challenged a Scientific Study About Violent Video Games—and Took a Hit for Being Right Motherboard
Should computer science peer reviewers weight negative societal consequences? Nature
What does it mean to “take responsibility for” a paper? Scientist Sees Squirrel
I got a hoax academic paper about how UK politicians wipe their bums published The Conversation
Should We Rethink the Way We Evaluate Research? The Wire
Should basic research on humans follow the same rules as studies testing drugs? Science Magazine
The gap of scientific authority over research assessment is being filled by database providers London School of Economics & Political Science
Has the tide turned towards responsible metrics in research? The Guardian
Why highly cited articles are not highly tweeted? A biology case Springer
The Role of Theory in Research Elife Science
The 10 most common mistakes when choosing a title for your paper Peer J Blog
How important is it to present at conferences early in one’s career? The Research Whisperer
***HIGHER ED
Attorney general Jeff Sessions: Colleges Are Creating ‘a Generation of Sanctimonious, Sensitive, Supercilious Snowflakes,’ Chronicle of Higher Ed
Private-College Closures at 11 Per Year Inside Higher Ed
Colleges encouraged to split with ICE Chicago Sun-Times
Republicans and Democrats Both Think Higher Ed’s on the Wrong Track — for Very Different Reasons Chronicle of Higher Ed
Georgia Tech mistakenly releases data about nearly 8,000 students Atlanta Journal-Constitution
***HUMANITIES
***TEACHING
Can you accurately predict educational outcome from DNA? The Results of an Enormous Gene Study The Atlantic
New study shows that splitting attention between lecture and cellphone or laptop use hinders long-term retention-and other students suffer Inside Higher Ed
How to Prepare for Class Without Overpreparing Chronicle of Higher Ed
***ACADEMIC LIFE
On the breadth of faculty job applications Small Pond Science
Jury Finds Columbia Business Professor Liable for Retaliation Against Female Ex-Colleague New York Law Journal
Is it relatable?
/"Relatable" is in the eye of the beholder, but its very nature is to represent itself as universal. It's shorthand that masquerades as description.
The problem arises when "relatability" becomes the sole interpretive lens.
Can you "relate" to being enslaved, for example? Probably not, but that should make the prospect of reading Frederick Douglass all the more enticing. Many popular texts printed in the United States before the 20th century dwell on religious thought in a way that seems strange to us now. How can nonreligious people living in the 21st century "relate" to that mindset? The realization "I don't relate to that" could be followed by a subsequent self-examination: "What is it about my life, and my time, that has made it so that I don't really get it?"
Rebecca Onion writing in Slate
Defeating the Toxic Lie
/Stop trying to change yourself, because you’re pretty much stuck — and that’s okay. You can improve yourself, of course, but there are limitations, and you shouldn’t beat yourself up because you’re not Beyoncé. The toxic lie that our culture gives us is that we can be anyone we want, do anything we want, but that’s never been true. If you want to be happy and find fulfillment, don’t try to be Beyoncé or Elon Musk; instead, find the thing you’re good at and become even better at it, and try to help the people around you as much as possible. It’s really that simple.
Will Storr quoted in Vox
Articles of Interest - July 23
/***TECHNOLOGY
Tiny Particle Accelerator-On-A-Chip Could Transform Medicine, Scientists Say NPR
How Facial Recognition Could Tear Us Apart Medium
When a Tech Reporter Doesn’t Use Much Tech New York Times
‘Scraper’ bots and the secret internet arms race Wired
***BIG DATA & AI
Learn both methods of statistical inference and apply them where appropriate—Bayesian inference methods to supplement the frequentist statistics Towards Data Science
The seven of the most fundamental Quantum-computing complexity classes Quanta Magazine
Choosing between Python and R Programming languages for Data Science Medium
***SOCIAL MEDIA
The 16 most Instagrammable places in U.S. cities Curbed
Snapchat is launching a news partnerships initiative Axios
Facebook moderators 'keep child abuse online' BBC News
Facebook's rhetoric on misinformation doesn't match its actions CNN
Instagram’s Growing Bot Problem The Information
World’s most Instagrammable art exhibition just opened in Tokyo Curbed
***PRIVACY
Schools Can Now Get Facial Recognition Tech for Free. Should They? Wired
Top Voting Machine Vendor Admits It Installed Remote-Access Software on Systems Sold to States Motherboard
Our phone is not secretly spying on your conversations. It doesn’t need to Recode
***INTERNET
How Google's Safe Browsing Helped Build a More Secure Web Wired
Google also deprecating ‘Bookmark Manager’ Chrome extension next month 9 to 5 Google
***JOURNALISM
The Progress of Immersive Journalism Medium
9 questions about the World Cup, and how data journalists answered them Data Driven Journalism
Photojournalism’s moment of reckoning Columbia Journalism Review
15 Tips to Get the Most Out of Your Next Journalism Conference Rebecca Aguilar
Tools for covering ICE Columbia Journalism Review
Beyond 800 Words: Prototyping New Story Formats for New BBC
***THE BUSINESS OF JOURNALISM
BuzzFeed launches a new website for its real journalism Tech Crunch
Newsprint tariffs are a Black Swan event that could speed up the death of U.S. newspapers Harvard’s Nieman Lab
***FAKE NEWS
Meet the next misinformation format: Fake audio messages Poynter
How and why communicators should fight the ‘fake news’ scourge PR Daily
Generation Z must seek, and find, journalism it can trust Boston Herald
Russian Influence Campaign Sought To Exploit Americans' Trust In Local News NPR
False news spreads online faster, farther, and deeper than truth does but it can be contained: Here’s how Harvard Business Review
Sacha Baron Cohen's fake conspiracy site is fully post-parody Wired
Fact-checkers have debunked this fake news site 80 times. It's still publishing on Facebook Poynter
WhatsApp will drastically limit forwarding across the globe to stop the spread of fake news Recode
***FAKE NEWS & POLITICS
American Conservatives Played A Secret Role In The Macedonian Fake News Boom Ahead Of 2016 BuzzFeed News
Politicians are using fake news schemes to get elected Axios
N.J. senator sets up phony health news website to attack challenger Stat News
***FAKE NEWS OUTSIDE THE U.S.
How The Spread Of Fake Stories In India Has Led To Violence NPR
Fact-checking around the world: Inside Colombia Check International Journalists' Network
***PERSONAL GROWTH
JOMO: The Joy of Missing Out Becoming (my blog)
How the West became a self-obsessed culture: Is Social Media to Blame? Vox
***WRITING & READING
Writing a Book or Article? Now’s the Time to Create Your ‘Author Platform’ Chronicle of Higher Ed
Edit Typos in Your Tweets Using This Chrome Extension Life Hacker
Library Book Acquisition Patterns Scholarly Kitchen
How Essay-Writing Factories Reel In Vulnerable Students Chronicle of Higher Ed
***LANGUAGE
‘The Suits,’ ‘Light Bulb Went Off,’ and ‘Tree Lawn’: Investigations of a Language Nerd Chronicle of Higher Ed
Sign-language hack lets Amazon Alexa respond to gestures BBC
***LITERATURE
These Drawings By JRR Tolkien Reveal His Vision Of Middle-Earth BuzzFeed
The Evolution of Science Fiction PBS Digital Studios
Two men charged with stealing more than $8 million in rare books from Carnegie Library Post-Gazette
***GENDER
When men earn less than their wives, both spouses lie about it Quartz
CVS Fired A Pharmacist Who Refused To Fill Out A Transgender Woman's Hormone Prescription BuzzFeed News
***RACE & ETHNICITY ISSUES
A Sociologist Examines the “White Fragility” That Prevents White Americans from Confronting Racism New Yorker
Louisiana judge says Jews are a race and protected by anti-racial-discrimination laws Washington Post
Muslim girls kicked out of public pool after officials said hijabs would clog filtration system Washington Post
The Americans who want America to stay white are actually a minority themselves Quartz
Year After White Nationalist Rally, Charlottesville Is in Tug of War Over Its Soul New York Times
***FREE SPEECH
Judge lifts controversial order requiring the L.A. Times to alter article LA Times
The global slump in press freedom Economist
***LEGAL ISSUES
Do Sacha Baron Cohen's Targets Have a Shot at Winning a Lawsuit? Hollywood Reporter
A conservative legal group that “seeks to expose science fraud…appears to be imploding” New York Times
Fox Settles Lawsuit for Using Muhammad Ali to Hype Super Bowl Hollywood Reporter
Elon Musk, artist settle copyright disagreement over tooting unicorn coffee mug USA Today
***RELIGION
New forensic tests suggest Shroud of Turin is fake Reuters
Ethiopian 'prophet' arrested after trying to resurrect corpse BBC
***RELIGION AND POLITICS
God, Trump, and the Meaning of Morality Washington Post
Seb Gorka in Talks to Be Christian Radio Network’s New Host The Daily Beast
***GOOD NEWS
Birmingham college student walked 20 miles to 1st day of work so his boss gave him his car Al.com
Hundreds of golden retrievers met in Scotland for 150th anniversary of breed NBC News
Toddler saves dad having a stroke by face-timing mom Winchester Star
Couple delivers baby at Chick-fil-A; baby will get free Chick-fil-A food for life KSAT-TV
***ART & DESIGN
How to Paint Like Kandinsky, Picasso, Warhol & More: A Video Series from the Tate Open Culture
Storytelling, Why Art Is Essential for Democracy, and the Key to Good Writing (opinion) Brain Pickings
***MUSIC
Nielsen Music Mid-Year Report Nielsen Research
She fled the Holocaust and kept writing lyrics and poetry but at 93 she found a new way to reach audiences: death metal New York Times
***FILM
Most Popular Netflix Shows by Country 2018 High Speed Internet
***SEXUAL HARASSMENT & ASSAULT
Sexual Assault Inside ICE Detention New York Times
This Immigrant Returned To Her Dangerous Home Country — Where She’d Been Raped BuzzFeed News
Trump Administration Defends Campus Sexual Assault Rules NPR
When Rape is reported and nothing happens Star Tribune
More Than 100 Ohio State Alumni Allege Abuse by Former University Sports Doctor Chronicle of Higher Ed
Christian University professor harassed women for decades at conferences Inside Higher Ed
Baylor ‘Set the Football Program on Fire’ as Scapegoat in Sex-Assault Scandal, Says Ex-Athletic Director Chronicle of Higher Ed
***SOCIAL ISSUES
How local police are battling the opioid epidemic Axios
Comic-Con 2018: Huge pop culture convention spotlights social justice, political issues Union Tribune
***BUSINESS & FINANCE
It’s called vomit fraud. And it could make your Uber trip really expensive Miami Herald
For just $10, a hacker can attack your business via RDP: Here's how to stay safe Tech Republic
Private messaging apps increasingly used for public business Associated Press
***HEALTH
Health Insurers Are Vacuuming Up Details About You — And It Could Raise Your Rates NPR
Sleep Science: In the Era of Screens, Rest is Crucial National Geographic
Frequent Smart Phone, Internet Use Linked To Symptoms Of ADHD In Teens NPR
The disturbing reason heat waves can kill people in cooler climates Vox
Medicare’s ‘catastrophic insurance’ can be a catastrophe for middle-income seniors (opinion) Stat News
How To Talk To Your Doctor About Your Pain NPR
Chinese premier orders investigation of vaccine makers Associated Press
***FAMILY
Interesting parental control app requires kids to exercise to earn screen time 9 to 5 Mac
What would you do if your teenager became an overnight Instagram sensation? The Guardian
***SCIENCE
How To Be A Savvy Consumer Of Science News NPR
Meet the Woman Who Rocked Particle Physics—Three Times Wired
***PSYCHOLOGY
Many famous studies of human behavior cannot be reproduced: Even so, they revealed aspects of our inner lives that feel true New York Times
Psychology research by philosophers is robust and replicates better than other areas of psychology The British Psychological Society
Motherhood brings the most dramatic brain changes of a woman’s life Boston Globe
***NEUROSCIENCE
Why your earliest memory may be a lie, according to scientists Telegraph
***PHILOSOPHY
What Are the New Questions of Philosophy? The Atlantic
Writing on Philosophy: It’s Not Rocket Science. It’s More Complicated Than That Chronicle of Higher Ed
***TRAVEL
A Road Trip In 'America For Beginners' NPR
10 products we wish we'd packed on our last vacation CNN
***RESEARCH
The Flint Water Research Coverup WVTF radio
We’re developing chronic compulsive writing syndrome trying to be ranked among the best researchers—quantity largely takes precedence over quality European Scientist
One Author’s Novel Approach to Article Self-Publishing The Scholarly Kitchen
The Ethics of Research on Leaked Data Discover Magazine
The proliferation of questionable Physics conferences Physics Today
Mount Sinai multiple sclerosis researcher admits to doctoring images Retraction Watch
***HIGHER ED
Colleges ask for a share of future salary in lieu of loans Associated Press
Some Colleges Cautiously Embrace Wikipedia Chronicle of Higher Ed
Objections erupt at UVa over appointment of top Trump aide Politico
At Merced, the Changing Face of the U.C. System New York Times
Why Russian Spies Really Like American Universities Propublica
Why We Need To Rethink Graduation Rates As A Measure Of Colleges' Success Forbes
Scholars, Know Thy History: Higher Ed Has Always Struggled to Survive in the U.S. Chronicle of Higher Ed
***TEACHING
Running Class Discussions on Divisive Topics Is Tricky: Here’s One Promising Approach Chronicle of Higher Ed
Professors Are Often Asked 'What Do You Teach?' But They Do Far More Forbes
***ACADEMIC LIFE
Playing the game: academics have bought into the competition and become complicit in their exploitation London School of Economics and Political Science
Scientist stripped of award after showing slides of former students in bikinis Motherboard
A College Administrator Told ‘The New York Times,’ Rap Is Not ‘Real Music.’ His President Called the Comment Disappointing Chronicle of Higher Ed
JOMO: The joy of missing out
/One of the joys of aging (I’m 64) is to recognize that what used to be important no longer is. There’s no obsession now with social media, no need to follow fleeting trends; the latest movie or fashion style or restaurant or celebrity is unimportant. There’s a sense of peace that comes with pulling back from the zeitgeist and spending the day reading a library book, taking a walk, and preparing a meal. JOMO is real, and its benefits can be achieved at any age if the desire is strong enough.
Comment made by NYCtoMalibu on the New York Times article, “How to Make This the Summer of Missing Out”
a little spark of madness
/You're only given a little spark of madness. You mustn't lose it. -Robin Williams (born July 21, 1951)